Solar cells and solar modules are manufactured through a process known as photovoltaic (PV) production. The process begins with the raw material, silicon, which is the most commonly used semiconductor material for solar cells.
First, the silicon is purified through a process called the Czochralski process. In this process, a small seed crystal is dipped into a crucible of molten silicon and pulled out slowly, forming a large, cylindrical ingot of pure silicon.
Next, the ingot is cut into thin wafers. The wafers are then cleaned and coated with an anti-reflective material to increase the amount of sunlight absorbed.
After that, the wafers are given a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other side through a process called doping. This is typically done using boron and phosphorus.
Once the wafers are doped, they are then assembled into solar cells. This process involves connecting the positive and negative sides of the wafer to metal contacts, allowing for the flow of electricity.
Finally, the solar cells are assembled into solar modules. This is done by encasing the cells in a protective material and connecting them together in series. The modules are then tested to ensure they meet industry standards for power output and efficiency.
Overall, the process of manufacturing solar cells and solar modules is a highly technical and precise process. It requires a great deal of skill and experience to achieve the desired levels of purity, efficiency, and output.